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I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. | 



ft. ; -q-Z, 



UNITED STATES OE AMERICA. 



RUDIMENTS 



OF A 



GRAMMAR OF THE ANGLO-SAXON 



TONGUE. 



BY 



JOSEPH GWILT, Esquire. 



" Great verily was the glory of our Tongue before the Norman Conquest, in this, that 
the old English could express most aptly, all the conceits of the mind in their own 
Tongue, without borrowing from any." 

Camden's Remains, 




LONDON : 

WILLIAM PICKERING, 



M.DCCCXXIX. 



TO 

CHARLES GEORGE YOUNG, Esquire, 

YORK HERALD, 

BUT FOR WHOSE ENCOURAGEMENT TO THEIR 

COMPILER IN THE PURSUIT OF 

ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES AND HISTORY 

HE MIGHT NEVER HAVE BESTOWED A THOUGHT ON 

THE SUBJECT WHEREOF THEY TREAT, 

THE FOLLOWING SHEETS ARE 

INSCRIBED, 

IN TESTIMONY OF HIS 

FRIENDSHIP, GRATITUDE, AND ESTEEM. 



TO THE READER, 



It is needless to observe, that the only path 
leading to a thorough acquaintance with the 
English language is through its origin. All 
that relates to it is therefore important. In 
the following pages it has been considered un- 
necessary to' touch on principles of grammar 
common to all nations, from the presumption 
that every one about to acquire a knowledge 
of Anglo-Saxon need not be informed that the 
plural number means more than one, and that 
a noun is the name of a person or thing. If the 
reader be unprepared with this species of ele- 
mentary information, the following introduc- 
tion will be useless to him. The object of its 
compiler has been to smooth and shorten a 
road which seems at first glance rugged and 
fearful — but on which the intellectual traveller 



has no cause for alarm, if he possess but an 
ordinary portion of courage. Lye has been 
followed, with some few additions ; and with- 
out professing any deep knowledge of the sub- 
ject, the compiler desires only to be considered 
as a pioneer to the English tyro ; conscious 
that with the exception of the Grammar pre- 
fixed to the Dictionary of the author above- 
named, all other works on the subject which 
have fallen under his notice will rather inti- 
midate than assist him in obtaining some in- 
sight into the language of his ancestors. 



20, Abingdon-street, Westminster, 
January 30, 1829. 



RUDIMENTS 



ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE 



ALPHABET. 

The Anglo-Saxon Alphabet consists of twenty-four letters : 

Form. Power. 
75 a ~~ a as in car. 

B b b 

E C k occasionally as ch. 

D b ~ — ~ d 

Q, q ^^ e a as in case. 

F p f 

|- ^ before a, as in game, but before i and e 

o a as y, except final. 

ft h h 

I ! i 

K k k 

L 1 1 

OQ m m 

N n n 

O o o 

P p p 

R p r 

S r >~~ — ~~» s often sh. 

T t t 

DSJ? th 

U U »~ — *-"~ U w before a vowel. 

p p W 

X x x 

Y y i 

Z z ™~~ z 

To the above characters are to be added *j, and; 
f, that; 1, or. 



THE ARTICLE. 

8e, yeo, ftat. fo, \, to) The, That, is of three 
Genders, and declined as follows : 



SINGULAR 

M. F. 

Nom. 8e Seo 



PLURAL. 



N. 

Dat 

Gen. Daej- Daepe Dij* 
Dat. Dam Daepe Dam 
Ace. Done Da Dat 
Abl. Dam Daepe Dam 



Nom. Da The 

Gen. Daena of The 

Dat. Dam to The 

Ace. Da The 

Abl. Dam from The 



For 8e sometimes is used Seo, $one, ^aene. 

Seo j-e, po, 'Saene, ^eo. 

. . . . ftaet. 



Dat 
DaeW 

Di r S 
Daene 



Baj\ 
$ene. 



Dam ^aem, mn, fton. 

Done ^aene, ^aen, ftanne, ftene. 

Da (Ace. F.) . . Saene. 

Da (plur.) . . . ^aege. 

Dy, ^e, ^>rg, is used for all cases, and most espe- 
cially for the Ablative in each Gender. 

Dat, neuter, is prefixed sometimes for the sake of 
greater emphasis to masculine and feminine Nouns. 



NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE 



Vary in their cases, as in Greek and Latin, and are 
of four declensions. They all make the Genitive 
plural end in a, the Dative and Ablative in um, and 
the Accusative like the Nominative. 



The First Declension is that of Nouns whose 
Genitives end in ep the Datives and Ablatives 
in e, the Nominatives and Accusatives plural in 
aj-, the Genitives in a, the Datives and the Abla- 
tives in um. 



EXAMPLE. 
SmrS, a smith, 



SINGULAR. 

N. SmrS, a Smith. 

G. SmrSej-, of a Smith. 

D. SmrSe, to a Smith. 

A. 8mrS, a Smith. 

V. Gala 3u SmrS, O thou 

Smith. 
A. SmrSe, from a Smith. 



PLURAL. 



N. SmrSaj-, Smiths. 
G. SmrSa, of Smiths. 
D. SmrSum, to Smiths. 
A. SmrSap Smiths. 
V. Gala ge SmrSaj", O ye 

Smiths. 
A. SmrSum, from Smiths. 



EXCEPTIONS. 

Anbgit, Understanding, which makes its No- 
minative, Accusative, and Vocative plural in u. 

Feoh, or Feo, Money, whose Nominative, Ac- 
cusative, and Vocative, singular as well as plural, are 
alike. Also ponb, a word ; and so some others. 



The Second Declension is that of Nouns whose 
Nominatives singular end in a, the Genitives, 
Datives, Accusatives and Ablatives, in an, the 
Nominatives, Accusatives and Vocatives plural 
in an, the Genitives plural in ena, the Datives 
and Ablatives plural in um. 



EXAMPLE. 


fiteja, A 


PROPHET. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Pitega. 


Nom. J?itegan. 


pitegan. 


Gen. pitejena. 


pitegan. 


Dat. pitejum. 


J?itegan. 


Ace. pitegan. 


Gala ^u J7itega. 


Voc. Gala je J7itegan 


J?itegan. 


Abl. ]7itegum. 



Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



It is to be observed that proper names ending in a, 
are declined in the above manner, as QQania, T^ttila, &c. 
Also Adjectives, Pronouns, and Participles of every 
kind, and ending in a, having a prefix, as Fone- 
j-ppecena, from Fope-j-ppecen, having before spoken. 
Irobcunba, from Cobcunb, divine. 



The Third Declension has its Genitive singular 
end in e, and its Nominative and Accusative 
plural in a. 

EXAMPLE. 





J7iln, a 


MAIDEN. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom. 


J?iln. 


Nom. J7ilna. 


Gen. 


]7ilne. 


Gen. J7ilna. 


Dat. 


Pilne. 


Dat. J7ilnum. 


Ace. 


J?iln. 


Ace. pilna. 


Voc. 


Gala Su J?iln. 


Voc. Gala ge pilna 


Abl. 


Pilne. 


Abl. J?ilnum. 



The Fourth Declension is that whose Nomi- 
natives singular end in u ; their Genitives in a ; 
Datives, Accusatives, Vocatives, and Ablatives 
in u ; and which in the plural number follows 
the form of the third Declension. 









EXAMPLE. 










Sunu, 


A SON 






SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 


Nom. 


8unu. 






Nom. 


8una. 


Gen. 


8una. 






Gen. 


Suna. 


Dat. 


8unu. 






Dat. 


8unum. 


Ace. 


8unu. 






Ace. 


Suna. 


Voc. 


Gala $u 


8 


unu. 


Voc. 


Gala ge 8una 


Abl. 


8unu. 






Abl. 


8unum. 



There are however many Heteroclites. As Faebep 
father ; which in the singular number is a Monop- 
tote, but in the plural follows the form of the first 
Declension. Also BruySon, a brother ; and GQobop, 
a mother ; which in the oblique cases of the singular 
number make Bpoftop and Bpe^ep ; GQobop and 
GQebep. — Bpo^op however in the Nominative, Accu- 
sative, and Vocative cases, plural, makes Bpo^pu. 
To these may be added Fot, a foot ; QQan, a man ; 
/6g, an egg; Eealp, a calf; which in the plural 
make Fet, Gflen, /Bgpu, Eealppu, respectively. 



MOST COMMON TERMINATIONS OF MASCULINE 

NOUNS. 



ep, or epe — which is contracted from yej\ or yej\e, 
a man ; as Feopm, Feopmep, a food-man or 
farmer; Sang, a song; Sangepe, a song- 
man or singer. 

a — of primitive nouns, as ye nama, the name ; r*e 
maja, the maw; Lrepejza, an earl. 

m — as Fleom, flight. 

elj- — chiefly masculine, as Raebelr\ a riddle. 
jxype, or jxipe — denoting care, office, command, busi- 
ness, or employment; as Eepep-pcype, a county, 



or dominion of an earl; Birxeop-pcype, a dio- 
cese, or province of a bishop. Others denoting 
dignity, command, rank, state, &c. as Dniht- 
j-cipe, a lordship; Fneonb-jxipe, friend- 
ship. 

ing — belonging to patronymics, as ©lepng, the son 
of Eliza ; Baelbaeg pobening, B^ldeg the 
son of Woden. 

ling — which is not as in English a diminutive, but 
denotes the subject or state of a person or thing, 
as Deonhng, a darling, or the subject of 
love; frynhng, a mercenary, or hireling, that 
is, the subject of hire. 

bom — denoting right or judgment, as Eyningbom, 
a king's right or kingdom ; also the state or 
condition of a person, as Fneobom, the con- 
dition of a freeman, or freedom. 

j-e mona, the moon, is masculine. 



MOST COMMON TERMINATIONS OF FEMININE 
NOUNS. 

ejtrie, irtne, or yjrtne, which are the endings of pri- 
mitive masculines and femi nines in eri and epe, 
as 8ang, a song; 8angen, a song-man, or 
singer; 8angijrtpe, a song-woman, or song- 
stress. 

e are chiefly feminine, (though some few with that 
ending are neuter) as j-eo eojvSe, the earth; 
j-eo heopt, the heart. 

ang, ange, mg, (when not patronymic) ong, unge, are 
feminine terminations. 

en, as 8aegen, a saying, Bypj?en, a burthen. 

nej% or nerye, nyj-, my, yjy, ijy, or yffe, irye, are 
feminine endings, as 8o$pert;nyjye, truth. 



8 
b and t, as Erecvnb, nature ; miht, might. 
u, o, ir<5, and some in %, as haetu, heat ; reo laju, 

the law; peo manigeo, the multitude; 

IieojuS, youth ; ptpengS, strength. 

pice or pic, signifying dominion, as Bipceoppice, the 
dominion of a bishop, or bishopric. 

hab, signifying state, condition, or quality ; CDaeben- 
hab, the state of a virgin, or maiden; 
Eilb-hab, the state of a child, or childhood. 

Seo punna or punne, the sun, is feminine. 



MOST COMMON TERMINATIONS OF NEUTER 
NOUNS. 

e — a few Nouns with this ending are neuter, as J?at 
eape, the ear. 

epn — as J?aet bomepn, the court of justice. 

eb — as }?ast yejxeb, the multitude. 

1 — as J?aet petl, the seat. 



ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives are in Anglo-Saxon declined much after 
the manner of Substantives. The Accusative, sin- 
gular masculine, is formed from the Nominative, by 
adding ne. The Genitive, Dative, and Ablative, 
singular feminine, end in pe. The Dative and Ab- 
lative singular, masculine and neuter, and the Dative 
and Ablative plural, in um. The Genitive plural, 
in pa. All Adjectives are declined after the sub- 
joined form. 



PARADIGM. 



Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



SINGULAR. 

M. F. 



N. 



— e r 


— ne 


— ep 


— um 


— ne 


— um 


— ne 


— e 


— 


— a 


— e 


— 


— um 


— pe 


— um 



PLURAL. 

Norn. — e 

Gen . — pa 

Dat. — um 

Ace. — e 

Voc. — e, an 

Abl. — um 



EXAMPLE. 

ErOb, GOOD. 

SINGULAR. 

M. F. N. 

N. Erob, Erobe, Erob. 

G. Erobep, Elrobpe, Erobep. 

D. Exobum, Erobpe, Erobum. 

A. E/obne, Erobe, Erob. 

V. Eroba, Erobe, Erob. 

A. Erobum, Erobpe, Erobum. 



N . Eiobe. 

G. Erobpa. 

D. Erobum. 

A. Erobe. 

V. Erobe, Eroban. 

A. Erobum. 



TERMINATIONS OF ADJECTIVES. 

in lg, which is the same as the English adjectival ter- 
mination y ; as Dpeopig, dreary ; ORypig, 
merry ; /Bnig, any ; Tpentij, twenty. 

in pum, which answers the English termination 
some, expressing habit or disposition ; as Lang- 
pum, lonesome ; Boc-pum, buxom ; peopc- 
pum, IRKSOME. 

in ol and ul, also expressing habit or disposition ; as 
Fpettol, destructive ; Diccul, corpulent ; 
Dinnul, lean, or thin. 

in basp and tyme, denoting fertility : as J?aeptm-baep, 
fruitful; Lupt-baep, full of pleasure, or 
pleasant ; faepig-tyme, fruitful of trou- 
ble, or troublesome. 

in pull, answering the English termination full, de- 



10 

noting plenty; as Lujt-pill, lustful; J7oh- 
pull, WOEFUL. 

in leap answering the English termination less, de- 
noting privation ; as Sceam-leaj*, void of shame, 
or shameless; Blob-leap without blood, 
or bloodless ; Name-leaj-, without a name, 
nameless, anonymous. 

in he or lice, answering the English termination like, 
or ly, expressive of similitude ; as Erob-hc, like 
god, or godlike ; faeojzon-hc, like heaven, 
or heavenly; 6ojV3-1ic, like earth, or 

EARTHLY. 

in en, expressing materiality, and corresponding with 
the like English adjectival termination en ; as 
/Sj*c-en, oF,ASH,or ashen ; Buc-en, of beech, 
orBEECHEN. Some of the Saxon terminations 
in en are terminated by y in English, &c. as 
Staenen, stony, &c. &c. and in other ways. 

cuno, signifying nature, or kind ; as Erob-cunb, di- 
vine, or of the nature of god ; )7onulb- 

CUnb, WORLDLY, Or OF THE NATURE OF THE 

world ; GojVS-cunb, earthly, or of the 

NATURE OF THE EARTH. 

ij-c, signifying nation or country, and in English 
sometimes ending in ish, as lubeijx, Jewish ; 

GnjllJ-C, ENGLISH, &c. &c. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

The comparative degree of Anglo-Saxon Ad- 
jectives ends in an, aep, ep, ene, in, oji, up, and yp ; 
and the superlative in ajr, aejt, ejt, ir"t, oj t, urt, 
and yyt, which form is distinctly visible in English 
comparatives and superlatives. 

EXAMPLE. 



POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE 

Rihtpije, Just, or 
Righteous. 



Rihtpirejie, Juster, or I! Rihepirert, Justest, 
more Just. || or most Just. 



11 



EXCEPTIONS. 



POSITIVE. 

Ijoo, Good. 
Ypel, Bad. 
COicel, great. 
Lytel, small. 



COMPARATIVE. 

Becejie or 8eljie, better. 
Pyjir, worse. 
GQaepe, more. 
Lerre, less. 



SUPERLATIVE. 

Betrt. Selort, best. 
Pypjiert, Pyprt, worst. 
OQaert, greatest or most. 
Laert, least. 



The syllables tip and gin prefixed, carry at once 
an Adjective to the Superlative degree; as Gabig, 
happy; tip-eabig, happiest: Faept, constant, 
or fast ; Tip-pejr, or Lrin-paept, most constant : 
OTeahtij, mighty; Tip-meahtrg, mightiest. 

So also the word paept, fixed, or fast, postfixed 
to a Noun Substantive, changes it to an adjectival 
form, increasing superlatively its signification. 80^- 
paept, in truth fast, true beyond all doubt ; 
puloop-paept, most glorious. 



PRONOUNS. 

The primitive Pronoun of the first person Ic, I ; 
follows the Greek form, having a Dual number. 

SINGULAR OF ALL GENDERS. 

Nom. Ic, I. 

Gen. CDin, of me or mine. 

Dat. GQe, to me. 

Ace. ODe, me. 

Abl. Cfte, from me. 



DUAL. 

vw;, v.w. 

N. pit, we two. 

G. Uncep, of us two. 

D. Unc, Unge, uncpum, to us two. 

Ac. pit, us two. 

Ab. Unc, Unge, uncpum, from us two. 



PLURAL 
OF ALL GENDERS. 

N. pe, we. 
G. Upe, of us. 
D. Up, to us. 
Ac. Up, us. 
Ab. Up, from us. 



12 



For CDe, the Dano-Saxons used OQec, OQeh : for ye ; 
poe, uph : for Uy ; upc, upch, upg, uph, 



1 lie Primitive Pronoun of the second person Du, 
thou ; has also a Dual, and is declined as follows : 



Norn, 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



SINGULAR. 

Du, 

Din, 

De, 

De, 

Gala Su, 

De, 



Thou, 
of thee, 
to thee. 
Thee. 
O thou, 
from thee. 



DUAL. (<7$W/, <7(pW.) 

N. Tjjt, ye two. 

G. Incep, of ye two. 

D. Inc, incjium, to ye two. 

Ac. Inc. ye two. 

V. Gala, inc, O ye two. 

Ab. Inc, incjium, from ye two, 



PLURAL. 



N. Ere, ye. 
G. Gopep, of ye. 
D. Gop, to ye, 
Ac. Gop, ye. 
V. Galaje, Oye. 
Ab. Gop, from ye, 



Instead of Eiyt, in the dual number, Incit is met 
with, which is in truth incgyt : instead of Gop ; geop : 
and instead of Gopen ; mep, luenne, mop. 



The primitive Pronoun of the third person, foe, 
fteo, Jilt, he, she, it ; is declined as follows : 









SINGULA 


R. 






M. 




F. 




N. 


N. 


foe, 


he. 


faeo, 


she. 


fait, it. 


G. 


foip 


of him. 


faipe, 


of her. 


faip of it. 


D. 


foim, 


to him. 


faipe, 


to her. 


faim, to it. 


Ac. 


fame, 


him. 


fai, 


her. 


fait, it. 


Ab. 


faim, 


from him 


faipe, 


from her. 


fait, from 



13 

PLURAL. 

M. F. N. 
N. Di, they. 

G. Dipa, of them, or their, Deopa, fern. 
D. Dim, to them. 
Ac. Di, them. 
Ab. Dim, from them. 

Instead of Di in the Nominative and Accusative 
plural, Drg often occurs, and sometimes Deo and Dio : 
instead of Dipa and Deopa, hiopa, hep, hepe. Deom 
is used for Dim, Dative plural, and sometimes for Di, 
the Accusative plural. Dig is also used for Di, her. 
Lastly, from Dipa and Deopa comes the old English 
word f)er for tjetr. 



The Definitive Pronoun Dip, this, is declined as 
follows : 

SINGULAR. 

M. F. N. 

Nom. Dip, Deop, Dip, This. 

Gen. Dipep, Dijyepe, Dipep, of this. 

Dat. Dipum, Dij-j-epe, Dipum, to this. 

Ace. Dipne, Dap, Dip This. 

Abl. Dipum, Dij-j-epe, Dipum, from this. 

PLURAL. 

Nom. Dap, These. 

Gen. Dijyepa, of these. 

Dat. Dipum, to these. 

Ace. Dap, These. 

Abl. Dipum, from these. 

Daep, 'Sep, $eop, ^at, ^aet, are used instead of Dip. 
Dijyep, %eyey, ^Saejr, instead of Dipep, Genitive. 
Dip, $ipon, ^appum, ... Dipum, M. & N. Dat. 

Dippe, tSaepe, Dippepe,G.&D.Fem. 

Daep, ^eop Dap, Accus. Fem. 

Dippa, $ipp, Dippepa, Gen. Plural. 



14 



De, who, 



De postfixed to a pronoun of any of the three per- 
sons, signifies who, as Ic $e, I who ; Du fte, thou 
who ; 8e fte, he who ; which latter form is some- 
times altered to De J?e, as De ]?e on me belyjrS, he 

WHO BELIEVETH IN ME, &C. 

De prefixed to fae, in the several cases of the latter 
is to be translated who, whose, whom ; as De 
ftunh hiy pillan, Through whose will or pleasure, 
Gen. xlv. 8. De ]?unh hine, through whom, Matt, 
xviii. 7, &c. 



The Identitive Pronoun 8ylp, Sylpe, self, almost 
ever in connection with some other Pronoun, and 
occasionally with a Noun, as in the example Cnij-t- 
yyly. fange, Christ himself sang, (Homil. St. Greg. 
36 Pref. Elstob.) is declined as follows : 

8ylp, Svlpe, self. 

SINGULAR. 

M. F. N. 

Nom. Sylp. Sylpe, Sylp, self. 

Gen. Syljzej*, Sylppe, Syljzej*, of self. 

Dat. Sylpum, 8ylppe, Sylpum, to self. 

Ace. 8ylj:ne, Syljze, Sylp, self. 

Abl. Syljzum, Sylpne, 8ylpum, from self. 

PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. 

Nom. Syljze, selves. 

Gen. Sylppa, of selves. 

Dat. Syljzum, to selves. 

Ace. Syljze, selves. 

Abl. Syljzum, from selves. 



15 

The Pronoun Relative who, which in Anglo- 
Saxon is usually expressed by the Article Se, r'eo, ^au, 
used relatively as /Bneaj- j~e opepj-pi^be Tunnum, 
Eneas who overcame Turnus ; 8e lp, who is ; 
Open 'Sane, over whom : but the real Relative Pro- 
noun is fopilc, (the person) who, (the thing) which ; 
such as, such an one, and is declined as follows: 

ftpilc, who, which, &c. 

SINGULAR. 

M. N. F. 

N. fapilc, fopilce, who or which. 

G. fapilcep, topilcepe,hpilcpe, of whom or which. 

D. ftpilcum, fopilcepe,hpilcpe, to whom or which. 
A. fapilcne,hpilc, ftpilce, whom or which. 

A. ftpilcum, ftpilcepe,hpilcpe, by whom or which. 

PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. 

Nom. fapilce. 

Gen. ftfulcepa, hpilcpa. 

Dat. fopilcum. 

Ace. fopilce. 

Abl. ftpilcum. 

In the same way are declined 8pa hyle, ppa, who- 
soever, whatsoever ; Spile, or 8pa hyle, what 
sort of person or thing; Dylhc, or Dylc, such 

SORT OF PERSON OR THING. 

fopa, who, the more regular Relative Pronoun, is 
declined as follows : 

SINGULAR. 

M. F. N. 

Nom. fopa, who, or what. fopaet. 

Gen. fopaej-, whose. 

Dat. fapam, to whom. 

Ace. fapaene, fopone, whom. fopaet. 

Abl. fopam, from whom. 



If) 

In the same way are declined /Bj-hpa, every 
one ; Ge-hpa, any one ; Spa hpa j-pa, whosoever. 
And also Glle^-hpa, another; Dpaet-huju, some- 
what, a little; and others. 



POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

The Possessive Pronoun GQin, mine, of the first 
person, is declined as follows : 



Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



M. 
GQin, 
OQinej", 
GQinum, 
OQinne, 
GQin, 
GQinum, 



SINGULAR. 

F. 
OQine, 
GQinpe, 
GQinpe, 
GQine, 
GQine, 
GQinpe, 



N. 
COin, 
GQinej-, 
GQinum, 
OQin, 
OQin, 
GQinum, 



mine, 
of mine, 
to mine, 
mine. 
O mine, 
from mine. 



PLURAL OF ALL GENDERS. 

Norn. GQine, mine, or my. 

Gen. GQinpa, of mine, or my. 

Dat. GQinum, to mine, or my. 

Ace. GQine, mine, or my. 

Voc. GQine, O mine, or my. 

Abl. GQinum, from mine, or my. 



Une, our, is declined as below: 



Nom, 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 



SINGULAR. 

M. N. F. 



Upe, 

Upej*, 

Upum, 

Upne, 

Upe, 

Upum, 



Upe. 

Uppe. 

Uppe. 

Upe. 

Upe. 

Uppe. 



PLURAL. 
OF ALL GENDERS. 



Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
J Abl. 



Upe, 

Uppa, 

Upum, 

Upe, 

Upe, 

Upum, 



our. 
of our. 
to our. 
our. 
O, our. 
from our. 



17 

r J Q P I are used instead of Une. 
Uppep} ' 

Ujyej-, Upep. 

Uppum, . . . . . . Upum. 

Uppe, Upne. 

There are two other Possessive Pronouns which 
are of a dual nature, Uncep, {yuhe^og) our, belonging 
to us two ; and Incep, (eQufosQog) your, or belonging 
to you two. They are both inflected similarly. 



SINGULAR. 

M. N. F. 



N. Uncep, 
G. Uncepep, 
D. Uncepum, 
A. Uncepne, 
V. Uncep, 
A. Uncepum, 



Uncepe. 

Unceppep. 

Unceppe. 

Uncepe. 

Uncepe. 

Unceppe. 



PLURAL 
OF ALL GENDERS. 

N. Uncpe, our. 

G. Unceppa, of our. 

D. Uncepum, to our. 

A. Uncpe, our. 

V. Uncpe, O our. 

A. Uncepum, from our. 



Instead of ) TT J 1 T C ) P T C are more in use. 
( Uncepum^ (Uncpum^ 



OF NUMBERS. 



THE CARDINAL NUMBERS ARE, 



1 Kn. 

2 Tpegen, tpa. 

3 Dpy, ^peo. 

4 Feopep. 

5 Fip. 

6 Six. 

7 Seopon. 

8 Gahta. 

9 Nigon. 
10 Tyn. 



1 1 Gnblupan. 

12 Tpelp. 

13 Dpeotyne. 

14 Feopep tyne. 

15 Fiptyne. 

16 8ixtyne. 

17 Seopontyne. 

18 Gahtatyne. 

19 Nigontyne. 

20 Tpentig. 



18 



SO Dnitnj. 

40 Feopeptij. 

50 Fiptig. 

60 Sixtij. 

70 founb-j-eopontig. 

80 faunb-eahtatig. 

90 ftunb-mgontig. 

100 ftunb and ftunb-teontig. 

110 ftunb.enblujzontrg. 

120 ftunb-tpelprig, 

200 Tpa-hunb. 

1000 Duj-anb. 

From four to a hundred the numbers are of all 
genders. 

The Saxons used the word ftealp to increase the 
number to which it was joined, as well as to halve it; 
as Often healp is half the second unit, or sesqui- 
alteral, that is, one and a half: so also 

Dnibbe healp, half the third unit, (two being un- 
derstood) or two and a half. 
Feopenfte healj:, . . . three and a half. 
Fipte healp, .... four and a half. 

Great use was made in this language of the word 
8urn, answering our English word some, which 
meaning it bears, as well as more or less, about ; 
as Sumetpegen, about two; Sume ten, about ten. 



ORDINAL NUMBERS. 



First, 


8e ponma. 


Second, 


8e often. 


Third, 


8e ftpibba. 


Fourth, 


8e peopfta. 


Fifth, 


8e ppta. 


Sixth, 


8e jnxta. 



19 

Seventh, Se peopo^a. 

Eighth, 8e eahteo^a. 

Ninth, 8e nigo^a. 

Tenth, 8e teofta. 

Eleventh, 8e enblypta. 

Twelfth, 8e tpelpta. 

Thirteenth, 8e ^peo-te^a, or ftpeoteogofta. 

Fourteenth, Se peopep-teo^a — teogo^a. 

Fifteenth, 8e pipt-teofta — teo^o^a. 

Sixteenth, 8e pix-reo^a — teogo^a. 

Seventeenth, 8e peopon-teo^a — teojo^a. 

Eighteenth, 8e eahte-teo^a — teo^o^a. 

Nineteenth, Se nigon-teo^a — teo^o^a. 

Twentieth, 8e tpenteogo^a. 

And so on, changing the final syllable tig, in the 
cardinal, to tigo'Sa or teogo^a, to form the ordinal. 



VERBS. 

In all Anglo-Saxon Verbs, it is to be observed that 
there is not as in Latin and Greek Verbs any dif- 
ference between the imperfect, the perfect and plu- 
perfect tenses ; they are all contained in a ^general 
form of a preterite or past tense, with an auxiliary 
Verb. 

THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE. 

Beon, or ]?epan, to be. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Sing. Ic eom, I am. 

Du eapt, Thou art. 

he yp, He is. 

Plural, pe pynb, We are. 

Ere pynb, Ye are. 

foi pynb, They are. 



20 
Instead of 6om we meet often with 6am, am, om, beo, 
ap, J7- 
€ a pt, ap^, bypt, er, ry. 

?v b ^> F7- 

byno, pynbon, pienbon, 

pynt, pent, pyn, pen, peon, beo)?, bijxm. 

PAST TENSE. 

Sing. Ic paep, I was. 

Du paepe, Thou wast. 

foe p&y, He was. 

Plural. J?e paepon, We were. 

Ere paepon, Ye were. 

fai paepon, They were. 

Instead of paejr and paepon, pap and paepun are 
sometimes used. 



FUTURE TENSE. 

Sing. Ic beo, I shall be. 

Du bypt, Thou shalt be. 

fte bf$, He shall be. 

Plural. fe beoS, We shall be. 

Ere beo^, Ye shall be. 

fti beo^, They shall be. 

Sometimes the future is expressed by the infinitive 
with pceal, shall, prefixed, as Ic pceal beon, I 

SHALL BE, &C. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. 81, or 815 ^u, be thou. 

81 he, let him be. 

Plural. Beon pe, let us be. 

Beon ge, be ye. 

Beon hi, let them be. 



21 



Instead of 81 8u, 81 he, we meet with Beo $u, 
per $u, bfS he. Instead of Beon pe, ge, hi, we find 
Beo, beo^S, pn, pen, pej-e, pop-a^, pe, ge, hi. Also 
pepa$ and J?epe ge. 



OPTATIVE, POTENTIAL, and SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS. 

PRESENT _TENSE. 

Sing. Ic beo, I may, can, should be, &c. 

Du byjT, Thou mayest, &c. be. 

fte by%, He may, &c. be. 

Plural, ye beo^, We may, &c. be, 

Ere beo^, Ye may, &c. be. 

fai beo$, They may, &c. be. 

Instead of Beo, bypT, is used ry. 

B;fS, .... beo, beo^ py, peo. 
Beo^, .... beon, bio^, pyn. 

Observe also, that in the Optative Mood the words 
Gala £ip, oh if, or oh that, are prefixed to each 
person in both numbers, as Gala 31 y ic beo, oh, if I 
were, or oh, that I were : that in the Sub- 
junctive Mood the word Donne, when, &c: is pre- 
fixed, as Donne ic beo, when, or if I be ; Donne 
$u bypt, when, or if thou be, &c The same 
form occurs in the past tense. 



PAST TENSE. 

Sing. Ic paepe, I might, or could be. 

Du paepe, Thou mightst, or couldst be. 

foe paepe, He might, or could be. 

Plural, ye paepon, We might, or could be. 

Tie paepon. Ye might, or could be. 

KM paepon, They might, or could be. 



2-2 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Beon, or pepn, to be. 
To beonne, Of being, in being, tobe. 



EXAMPLES. 



foyt ij* tima to beonne, . It is time to be. 
Uj- \y hepe to beonne. . We must be here. 

J7eojv3an, PyjVSan, to become, or be worth. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Sing. Ic peojvSe, I become, or am. 

Du peop^ejt, Thou becomest, or art. 

foe peojvSej?, He becometh, or is. 

Plural, pe peojVSa]?. We become, or are. 

Ere peojVSaJ?, Ye become, or are. 

foi peop^a]?, They become, or are. 

It is to be observed, that the following forms are 
also used : Ic pujVSe, pyp^e, pupbe : Du pujvSejt, 
pypbejT : foe people, pupfte, pyp^e : J?e, ge, hi, 
people)?, peopbon, peapbon, pup&aj?. 

PAST TENSE. 

Sing. Ic peap^, I became. 

Du peap^ejt, Thou becamest. 

foe peap'S, He became. 

Plural. J?e peopbon, We became. 

Ere peopbon, Ye became. 

foi peopbon, They became. 

Instead of peopbon are read peopban, peopben, 
peopbon. Observe, also, that the future follows the 
form of the present tense. 



23 
IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Sing. 
Plural 



J?eojv3a ftu, 
J7eojv3e he, 
peopfton pe, 
J?eop$e ge, 
people hi, 



become thou, or be. 
let him become, or be. 
let us become, or be. 
become, or be ye. 
let them become, or be. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Peop^an, or Pyp^an, 



to become, or be. 



To peop'San, or pypvSan of becoming, &c. &c. 
popben, become, or been. 1 



1 The Possessive Verb lOabban, or ftaebban, to have, is used 
as an auxiliary, and is thus conjugated : 



INFIN. 




PERP 








PERF. PART. 


faabban, to have. "baepob, had. "baepeb, had. 


INDICATIVE MOOD. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 


Present. Past. Present. Past. 


Sing. Ic haebbe, 

Du haebbert, 
l3e haebbaft, 

Plur. Pe haebbatf, 
Ge haebba^, 
foi haebbaft, 


< 


haepob, 

haepobert, 

haepob, 

haepbon, 

haepbon, 

haepbon, 


i— i 

p 


haebbe, 

haebbe, 

haebbe, 

haebbon, 

haebbon, 

haebbon, 


5 

re 
a 


haepob, 

haepob, 

haepob, 

haepbon, 

haepbon, 

haepbon, 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. iDapa J?u, have thou. 

Plural. t3abba% ge, have ye. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

iDaebban, to have, 

faaebbenne, about to have. 



Present. 

faaebbenbe, 



PARTICIPLES 

having. 



Past. 

iDaepeb, haepb, 



had. 



'24 



VERBS ACTIVE. 



Regular Verbs in the active voice are conjugated 
after the following: form ; 



PRESENT TENSE. 



Sing. Ic lupge. I love. 

Du lupj-t, Thou lovest. 

fte lujza^, He loveth. 

Plural, ]?e lupa^, We love. 

lie lupaS, Ye love. 

hi lupia^. They love. 



The potentive Verb COagan, to (ma}', or) be able ; the future 
Verb 8cealan. pcylan, to owe ; and the volentive Verb, (also ex- 
pressing futurity) pyllan, to will ; are used as auxiliaries to the 
Anglo-Saxon Verb. They may be arranged as follows : 

Infin. Present. Past. 

CDagan, to be able. . . . CDaeg. may. . . . OOihr, might. 

8cealan, to owe 8ceal, shall. . . . pceolb, should. 

pyllan, to will P>'^ e - wiD- . . . polb. polbe, would. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
SINGULAR. 

Ic maeg, I may, or can. pceal, Ishall. n"~ e : I wilL 

Du maegerr Thoumayst&c pcealr, thou shalt. pylr, thou wilt. 
"be maeg, He may, &c. pceal, he shall. pylle, he will. 

PLURAL. 

Pe magon, We may, &c. pceolon, we shall. ! pyllon, we will. 

L7e magon, Ye may, &c. pceolon. ye shall. pyllon, ye will. 

"bi mag on, They may, &c. pceolon. they shall pyllon, thev will 



The defective Verb COor, to be able ; and QOopr, must ; are 
conjugated as follows ; 



SINGULAR. 



Ic mot, I may, or can. 
Dumotepr, Thou mayst. ice 
"be mor, he may. &c. 

PLURAL. 

Pe moron, We may, &c. 
L7e moron, Ye may, Sec. 
I3i moron, They may. *.vc. 



mope, I must. 
mopcept, thou must, 
mopr, he must. 

mopron, we must, 
mopron, ye must, 
mopron, they must. 



25 

When the Infinitive does not end in an, pure, that 
is, having a consonant preceding the an, the persons 
in the plural number do not end in la^S, but in a 5 © 1 . 
Thus ^ynjran, pepan, bibban, make in the plural num- 
ber ftynrta]?, pepa}?, bibba]?. If the Infinitive end in 
eon, the plurals make eo&, as from gej-eon, gej-eo^, 
&c. It is also to be observed, that the present In- 
definite is sometimes formed as in the modern English 
by the auxiliary 6om, and the Participle of the pre- 
sent tense, as Iceomlupenb, I am LoviNG,or I love. 



PAST TENSE. 



Sing. Ic lupobe, 1 loved. 

Du lupoberr, Thou lovedst. 

fae lupobe, He loved. 

Plur. Y e lupobon, We loved. 

Ere lupobon, Ye loved. 

fai lujzobon, They loved. 

The perfect and pluperfect tenses are sometimes 
formed by means of the Participle of the past tense, 
prefixing foaebbe and ftaejzobe ; as, Ic haebbe lujzob, 
I have loved ; Du haebbej-t lujzob, thou hast 
loved. So Ic haejzobe lujzob, I had loved ; Du 
haepobejr lupob, thou hadst loved. Instead of 
haebbe, haebbert, and haebba^S, we sometimes find 
hap, hapj-t, and hap 5 © 1 . 

The future is the same as the present : it is how- 
ever sometimes formed by the use of the Infinitive, 
and the auxiliary 8ceal or pille ; as Ic j-ceal or pille 
lupian, I shall or will love ; Du jxealt or pilt 
lupan, thou shalt or wilt love. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. Lup $u, Love thou. 

Lupije he, Let him love, 



2b 



Plur. Lupon pe, Let us love. 

Lupge ge, Love ye. 

Lupon hi, Let them love. 

Lupiaft je, is sometimes used instead of lupje ge. 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
SINGULAR. 

Ic nu lupge, Oh, that I now loved. 

Du nu lupge, Oh, that thou now lovedst. 

be nu lupge, Oh, that he now loved. 



CD 



PLURAL. 



Pe nu lupon, Oh, that we now loved. 

Ere nu lupon, Oh, that ye now loved. 

Ibi nu lupon, Oh, that they now loved. 



PAST TENSE. 
SINGULAR. 



Ic nu lup>be, Oh, that I had now loved. 
Du nu lujzobej-t, Oh, that thou hadst now loved, 
be nu lupobe, Oh, that he had now loved. 



HO 

c5 

CD 



K 



CD 



J?e nu lujzobon, Oh, that we had now loved. 

lire nu lupobon, Oh, that ye had now loved. 

Lbi nu lupobon, Oh, that they had now loved. 

FUTURE TENSE. 
SINGULAR. 

Ic lupine jyt, Oh, that I yet may love. 
Du lupje jyt, Oh, that thou yet mayst love, 
be lupje jyt, Oh, that he yet may love. 



PLURAL. 



J?e lupon jyt, Oh, that we yet may love. 

Ge lupon gyt, Oh, that ye yet may love. 

lbi lupon jyt, Oh, that they yet may love. 



27 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

The Subjunctive mood, in all its tenses, is similar 
to that of the Optative, changing only the prefixes 
Gala gip or ftat into Donne : as Donne Ic nu lupje, 
since I now love; Donne Iclupobe, since I have 
loved, or might have loved ; Donne Ic lupge 

jyt, WHEN I SHALL HAVE LOVED. 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 

The Potential mood is two-fold, pure and circum- 
scribed. The former is that which expresses the 
possibility of a thing without an auxiliary verb ; as, 
Daet ic cume, that I may come ; Daec *8u oncnape, 

THAT THOU MAYST KNOW, &C. &C. 

The circumscribed form of this mood is known by 
the use in the different tenses of the auxiliaries OQagan, 
pillan, jxealan, to be able, to wish, to be ne- 
cessary, and by the use of the infinitives they aid ; 
viz. by CDaej or COot, in the present, and OQihc, polbe, 
j-ceolbe, in the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect 
tenses. But the future follows the form of the pre- 
sent tense, with the addition of jyt. 

EXAMPLES. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Ic maej, or mot lupan, 1 may, or am allowed to love. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Ic mihte, polbe, j-ceoloe, lupan, I might, would, 
should, love. 

FUTURE TENSE. 

Ic maet jyt lupan, I might yet love. 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 

PRIMITIVE. 

Lupian, to love. 



28 

DERIVATIVE. 

To lupenne, to, about to, love ; also, of, in and by 
loving. 

PARTICIPLE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Lupanbe-enbe, loving. 

The Participle dropping the e final forms a Noun 
Substantive. Thus from Lupanbe, one loving, 
is formed Lupanb, a lover ; from Fneonbe, libe- 
rating, Fpeonb, a friend ; from foaelenbe, heal- 
ing or preserving, foaelenb, a healer or pre- 
server. 

Sometimes it acquires the power of a Gerund ; as 
Raebenbe ic taece, reading, or by reading I 
teach. From it also, with the use of the auxiliary 
Beon, the present, and sometimes the past tense of the 
Indicative are formed, as Ic eom lupenbe, I am 
loving, or love ; Du j-ppaecenbe eapt, thou art 
speaking, or speakest ; Ic pasj- ongitenbe, I was 

UNDERSTANDING, Or UNDERSTOOD, &C. &C. 

Lastly, it is sometimes used for the passive past 
and future Participles, as Dipim popbe gehynenbum, 

THIS WORD BEING HEARD; fol ej:C hpCOppenbe *} 

cumenbe geheton, they again returning and 
coming promised; that is, they promised that 
they would return and come ; In laej-pijenbum 
eopbom, in feeding flocks. 

VERBS PASSIVE. 

The passive Verb is formed by the auxiliary Beon, 
and^the participle of the past tense. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Ic eom lupob, I am loved ; Du eapt lupob, &c. 



29 

PAST TEN8E. 

Ic paej* lupob, 1 was loved ; Du paene lupob, &c. 

FUTURE TENSE. 

Ic beo, or jxeal beon lupob, I shall be loved ; Du 
byfc lupob, &c. &c. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

81 ftu lupob, Be thou loved ; 81 he lupob, let him be 
loved, &c. &c. 

OPTATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Gala jip ic eom lupob, Oh, that I were loved, &c. 

PAST TENSE. 

Gala jip ic paene lujzob, Oh, that I had been loved, &c. 

FUTURE TENSE. 

Gala 31 p ic beo lujzob, Oh, that I may (hereafter) be 
loved, &c, &c. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Donne ic nu eom lupob, Since, or When I be loved, 
&c. &c. 

PAST TENSE. 

Donne ic paej- lujzob, Since, or When I was loved, &c. 

FUTURE TENSE. 

Donne ic beo lujzob, When I may (hereafter) be 
loved, &c. &c, 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Ic maeg beon lujzob, I may be loved, &c. &c. 



30 

PAST TENSE. 

Ic miht, polb, j*ceolb, mot beon lutzob, I might, would, 
should, have been loved, &c. &c. 

FUTURE TENSE. 

Ic maej gyt beon lupob, I may yet be loved, &c. &c. 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Beon lupob, Being loved, or to be loved. 

FUTURE TENSE. 

Beon lupob gyt, To be yet loved, or to be about to 
be loved. 

PARTICIPLE. 

OF THE PAST TENSE. 

Lupob, or jelupob, Loved. 

OF THE FUTURE TENSE. 

To luprgenne, To be loved. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

The Anglo-Saxon Impersonal Verb is expressed 
in three ways: 1st, by GQan; as GQan bnohte, they 

BROUGHT, Or THERE WAS BROUGHT; GQan OJ2j"loh, 

they slew, or there was slain ; GQan hpymbe, 
they cried, or there was cried. 2dly, by the 
singular Pronoun fait; as fait ^unpobe, it thun- 
dered. 3dly, by the use of the third person of the 
Verb used in an absolute mode ; as Unc gebapenaj?, 
us it becometh, or we ought; OQe §incj>, ME 
thinketh, or it seems to me. 



31 



ANOMALOUS VERBS. 

There are many Anglo-Saxon Verbs which it is 
impossible to reduce to a certain form of conjugation. 
Those most to be noted are set forth in the following 
list, with their most anomalous tenses : 

Kcpencan, to extinguish ; acpent, acpanc, acpinen, 

quenched. 
Sbpeogan, to suffer ; abpeag, he suffered ; abpugon, 

we, ye, they suffered. 
/Gt-hpinan, to touch ; aet-hnan, he touched. 
Sjan, to possess ; ah, he possesses, or hath ; aht, he 

possessed, or had. 
Shapan, to raise ; ahop, he hath raised. 
7£hpeopan, to rush ; aneoj*, ahpupe, he rushed ; ah- 

nuj-on, they rushed. 
Snan, to give ; an, I give; unne, I give, or thou givest ; 

unnon, we, ye, they give ; up e, uj?j?e, ubbe, I or 

he gave. 
Kpij-an, to arise ; apaj-, he arose ; apij-on, we, ye, they 

arose ; apipen, arisen. 
Kppanan, to allure ; appon, he allured ; appanen, 

apponnen, allured. 
Ttypean, to wash ; a)?poh, he washed. 
7£ppeon, to reveal; appeah, he revealed. 
Bacan, to bake ; boc, I baked. 
Beatan, to beat ; beot, he beat. 
Beppinan, to ask ; beppan, beppune, he asked. 
Belgan, to be angry ; bealj, bealh, he was angry. 
Belucan, Belycan, to lock up ; belycft, he locks up ; 

beleac, he locked up ; belucon, or belocen, we, 

ye, they locked up. 
Beoban, to bid ; beab, bube, he bade. 
Beopgan, to beware ; beoph, he took care. 
Bepaecan, to deceive ; bepaeht, he deceived ; bepaeht- 

ept, thou deceivedst. So Paecan. 



32 

Bepitan, to preside over ; bepijte, he presided over. 
Biban, to abide ; bab, he abode ; biben, abode. 
Bibban, to pray ; bitjt, thou prayest ; bit, he prays ; 

bab, baeb, he prayed. 
Brgean, Bujan, to bend ; beah, bijbe, he bent ; bejb, 

begeb, bent. 
Binban, to bind ; banb, he bound ; bunben, bound. 
Bpecan, to break ; bnaec, he broke ; bnocen, broken. 
Bpinjan, to bring ; bpoht, bpohte, he brought. 
Bnucan, to enjoy ; bpeac, bpaec, he enjoyed. 
Bujan, to bend. See Bigean, Supra. 
Bycgean, to buy ; bohte, he bought. So, Bebycjean, 

to sell. 
Eeoj-an, to choose ; ceaj-, he chose. 
Enapan, to know ; cneop, he knew ; cnapen, known. 
Eoman, Euman, Epiman, to come ; com, cum, he 

came ; comon, cumon, -un, they came. 
Epapan, to crow ; cpeop, he crew ; cpapen, crowed. 
Euman. See Eoman, Supra. 
Eunnan, to know ; can, 1 know ; canj-t, cunne, thou 

knowest ; cunnon, we, ye, they know ; cuj?e, 

he knew. 
EpaeJ?an, to say ; cpej?e, I say ; cpijt, thou say est ; 

cpift, he says ; cpaeft, cpaej?e, he said ; cpaej?on, 

we, ye, they said ; cpaebon, said. 
Eyj?an, to tell ; cybbe, cy^be, he told. 
Deappan, Dyppan, to dare ; beap, beape, I dare ; 

buppe, thou darest ; buppon, we, ye, they dare ; 

bopj*te, he durst. 
Delpan, to dig ; bealp, bulp, bielp, belp, balp, he dug ; 

bolpen, bulpen, digged. 
Don, to do or make ; bo, I do ; bej-t, byj-t, thou dost ; 

be'S, by^, he doth ; bo^, we, ye, they do ; bib, 

bibe, bybe, he did or hath done ; byben, we, ye, 

they did ; bo, bon, he may do, they may do. 
Dpeccan, to vex ; bpohc, bpohce, he vexed ; bpohton, 

bpehton, we, ye, they vexed. 
Dpipan, to drive ; bpap, he drove ; bpipen, driven. 
Dyppan, to dare ; bopjte, bupj-te, he dared. 



33 

Gblaecan, to repeat ; eblaehte, he repeated ; eblaeht, 

ebleaht, repeated. 
Gmplatian, to look around ; emplat, he looked around. 
6tan, to eat ; aet, ate ; eten, eaten. 
Fanan, to go ; pepbe, pop, he went ; pepbon, popon, 

we, ye, they went ; papen, gone. 
Fealan, to fall ; peoll, he fell. 
Fenjan, to take ; peng, poh, he took ; penjon, we, ye, 

they took. 
Feohtan, to fight ; peahte, puhte, he fought ; puhton, 

we, ye, they fought. 
Finban, to find ; pinpt, they findest ; panb, punb, 

punbe, he found ; punbon, we, ye, they found. 
Fleon, to fly ; pleo^, we, ye, they fly ; pleh, pleah, 

pleoh, he flew. 
Fon, to take ; pehpt, thou takest ; poh, he took. 
Fopleopan, to lose ; poplypt, he loses ; pop leap, he 

lost. 
Fpetan, to fret ; ppaet, ppetan, fretted. 
Iran, or Erangan, to go ; ga, ganje, I go ; jae^S, he 

goes ; gaft, jae$, we, ye, they go ; eobe, geobe, 

1 or he went ; eoban, we, ye, they went : ga, go 

thou ; 3a, jaS, go ye. 
Erebujan, to bow ; geby£$, he bows ; gebeah, he 

bowed ; gebugon, we, ye, they bowed ; gebogen, 

bowed. See Brgean, Supra. 
Erelaeccan, to seize ; gelaehte, he seized ; gelaehton, 

gelaeahton, we, ye, they seized; gelaehte, seized. 
Eiemetan, to find ; gemette, he found. 
Gemunan, to remember ; gemune, gemunbe, it is re- 
membered ; gemunon, gemunbon, we, ye, they 

are remembered ; gemunen, remembered. 
Ereotan, to pour out ; jute, geote, geat, jet, he 

poured out; gutan, guton, we, ye, they poured 

out. 
Erepean, Erepeon, to see ; gepihpt, thou seest ; gepirr8, 

he sees ; gepeah, I saw ; jepape, gepaege, thou 

sawest; jepap, gepeah, gepeh, gepeag, jepaj, 

he saw ; gepapon, jepapan, they saw ; jepeoh, 



34 

geph, see thou ; gepeo'S, see ye; gepaene, jepene, 

jepyne, gepine, jepapen, gepaejen, jepeojen, 

gepeopen, gepepen, seen. 
Ereppingan, to whip or swinge ; geppang, he whipped ; 

geppungen, whipped. 
Iretan, to obtain or get ; geate, I get ; jeot, geotte, 

jeate, he got , jeoton, we, ye, they got. 
E/epaeccan, to afflict; gepeahte, jepaehte, he afflicted. 
Eiipn, to give ; jeap, gaep, or jap, I or he gave ; 

gipen, given. 
Erpapan, to grave or dig ; gpop, he dug ; gpapen, 

digged. 
Erpinban, to grind ; gpanb, gpunb, he ground; gpunb- 

on, we, ye, they ground, 
foangan, to hang ; hoh, I hung ; heng, hoh, helrS, he 

hung ; hengon, we, ye, they hung ; hoh, hang 

thou ; ho^, hang ye ; hanjen, hung, 
foealban, to hold ; heolb, I or he held ; healben, holden. 
ftebban, fteapan, to heave ; hep^, he heaveth ; hop, 

hope, I or he heaved ; hapen, hepen, heapen, 

heaved, 
frelpan, to help ; healp, hulpe, he helped ; holpen, 

helped, 
fthhan, to laugh ; hloge, thou laughedst ; hloh, he 

laughed ; hlo^un, hlogon, we, ye, they laughed, 
fanigan, to incline the body ; hnag, hnah, he inclined 

his body, 
fton. faengan. See ftangan, Supra, 
fopeoppan, to turn ; hpeappopt, thou turnest ; hpuppe, 

he turned; hpuppon, we, ye, they turned. In 

like manner ahpeoppan. 
lean, Iecan, to eke out, or enlarge ; icte, lhte, I or 

he enlarged ; icton, we, ye, they enlarged ; lhtr, 

enlarged. 
LiJ?an, to navigate ; la^, he navigated ; h}?an, leo]?an, 

we, ye, they navigated. 
Lixan, to light or shine ; hxte, he shone ; hxton, 

hxte, we, ye, they shone. 
COajan, to be able. See page 24. 



35 

GQetan, to meet, or paint : maet, painted ; meten, 

painted. 
Niman, to take ; ninrS, he takes ; nom, nam, he took; 

numen, taken. 
Opjmiccan, to oppress ; opJ^necrS, opJjpiycS, he op- 

presseth ; opJ?pit, opj?pihte, he oppressed ; op- 

Jjpihton, we, ye, they oppressed. 
Ongetan, Ongeatan, Ongeoton, to understand. See 

Ire tan, and Onjitan, infra. 
Onginnan, to begin ; ongan, ongun, I or he began ; 

ongunne, thou begannest ; ongunnon, ongunnun, 

we, ye, they began ; ongunnen, begun. 
Ongitan, to understand ; ongeat, he understood ; on- 

gatun, they understood ; ongrten, understood. 
Psecan, to deceive ; paehte, he deceived. 
Plaetan, to smite ; plat, he smote. 
Phhtan, to pledge oneself; phhte, plat, he pledged 

himself. 
Reccan, to reckon ; pehtept, thou reckonedst ; pohte, 

pehte, peahte, he reckoned ; pohton, they reck- 
oned ; neht, reckoned. 
Riban, to ride ; pit, pibe^, he rides ; pab, he rode. 
Sacan, to contend ; poc, he contended. 
8ahthan, to reconcile ; paeht, reconciled. 
8apan, to sow ; pape, peop, I sowed ; j-ep, peop, he 

sowed ; papen, sown. 
8ceotan, to shoot ; pceat, shot ; pcoten, shot. 
8cinan, to shine ; pcean, he shone. 
Scippan, to create ; pceop, he created ; pceapen, 

created. 
Secan, to seek ; pecS, he seeks ; pece, we, ye, they 

seek ; pohte, he sought ; ponton, they sought. 
8ecgan, Saeggan, Saegan, to say ; pegpt, thou sayest ; 

paecgbe, j-aebe, he said. 
8eon, to see. See Iiepeon, supra. 
8ettan, to place ; pette, pet, he placed ; peteb, placed. 
8rgan, to fall ; paj, pah, he fell. 
8ingan, to sing ; pane, pong, I sang ; pang, he sang ; 

pungen, sung. 



36 

Sittan, to sit ; pget, he sat. 

81agan, Slean, to slay ; plea, 1 slay ; ploh, I or he 

slew. 
Shtan, to slit ; flat, he slit. 

Spinnan, to spin ; ppan, he spun ; ppunnen, spun. 
8pipan, to spew ; ppap, I or he spewed. 
Stanban, to stand ; ptynpt, thou standest ; ptent, he 

stands ; ptob, 1 or he stood ; ptanben, stood. 
Stigan, to climb ; rtag, ptah, ptih, he climbed. 
Stpeccan, to stretch, or strew ; ptpehte, he stretched ; 

ptpehton, they stretched. 
Spealtan, Spylran, to die ; ppelte, I die : ppealt, 

ppeolt, he died. 
Spepian, Spepan, 8pepigan, to swear : ppop, I or he 

swore. 
Spigan, Spugon, to be silent : ppigobe, I was silent : 

ppigobe, pupobe, pup, he was silent : pupon, they 

were silent. 
Taecan, to teach : taehte, he taught. 
Teon, Teogan, to draw or accuse ; teo, I draw ; 

teolrS, tylvS, he draws ; teh, tuge, he drew : 

teo, teoh, draw thou. 
Tepan, to tear ; taep, tore ; topen, torn. 
Dean, Deon, to draw or profit by ; peah, ]?ag, J?ah, he 

profited. 
Deappan, to behove ; ]?eapp, I need ; ]?eappt, Jmppe, 

thou needest ; j?oppte, he needeth ; ]?uppon, we, 

ye, they need. 
Dencan, Dencean, to think ; ^oht, ftuhte, he thought. 

Similarly LreJ?encan. 
Dpean, to wash ; fpea, I wash ; ppyhpt, thou washest ; 

JjpelrS, he washes ; J>poh, I or he washed. 
TyJnan,Ty)ngean, to give ; ty)?be,ti]?obe,tybbe,hegave. 
Unnan, to grant ; u^Je, ubbe, he granted, 
pacian, to wake ; pacobe, I or he waked ; peaht, 

wakened. 
J7acpan, to wash ; peocp, peohp, he washed ; poxon, 

we, ye, they washed. 
Peban, to be mad ; pet, he is mad ; yebt)c, he was mad. 



3? 

peopcan, to build ; peopte, he built. 

}?epan, to be. 

J7inban, to wind or twist ; pint, he winds ; panb, 

ponb, he wound ; punben, wound, 
pincan, peopcan, J7opcan, to work or build ; pophte, 

he worked or built ; pophte, worked, 
pitan, to know ; pat, I know, he knows, or I or he 

knew ; papt, thou knowest or knewest ; pi ten, 

pitob, known. 
Ppegan, to accuse ; pnehte ppehgbe, he accused. 
]?peon, ]?pyon, to cover ; ppoh, ppeah, he covered. 
Ypnan, Spnian, !Spnan, to run ; apn, upn, he ran ; 

upnon, they ran. 



ADVERBS. 



OF TIME. 



Irepypn, iu, geo, ago ; geapa, yare, yore ; m-gepa, 
before, formerly ; y£p, before ; Nipan, lately ; 8eol- 
bon, seldom ; Opt, gelome, often ; fopilon, whilom, 
heretofore ; ^Eppe, pineal lice, pymbel, pimle, from aa, 
ecelice, always, continually ; Naeppe, never ; Nu, 
now ; Da, ^onne, then, When, as ; Da, $a, at the time 
that ; fopaenne, ahpenne, when ; JEbjxe, inptaepe, 
pnube, thenceforth, immediately, without delay ; 
8emninga, psepmga, paephce, suddenly ; ftpaebinge, 
hpaeblice, hpa)?e, pona, quickly, shortly ; Late, 
slowly ; Lange, long ; Leng, longer ; Get, jyt, now, 
yet ; Da hpile, ^enben, whilst, till ; Nu gena, now, 
as yet. 



OF PLACE. 



fapaep, where ; ftep, here ; Daep, there ; fopibep, 
whither ; foibep, hither ; Dibep, thither ; topanon, 
whence ; fteonon, hence ; Danon, thence ; Onpeg, 



38 

away ; Gllop elsewhere ; Gllep-hpibep, otherwise ; 
Erehpaep, aeghpaep, pel-hpaep, wheresoever ; Nohpaep, 
no where ; ^Ejhpanon, gehpanon, every where ; 
Irehenb, neah, popneah, near; Feopp, far off; Upp, 
above, over ; NrSep, abun, backwards ; Upn, prSupan, 
above, upwards ; Neo^San, beneo^an, beneath ; Binnan, 
innan, within ; Utan, prSutan, without ; Beheonan, 
on this side ; Begeonba, beyond ; 8pa hpap ppa, 
wheresoever ; 8pa hpibep ppa, whithersoever ; !Sg- 
hpibep, on every side ; Fopan, on the opposite side. 

OF EXHORTATION. 

Utan, uton, well well, go to. 

OF AFFIRMATION. 

la, yea ; gepe, yes, certainly, also, truly ; Ireg- 
nunga, aeninga, clearly, altogether, certainly ; Erepiphce, 
to wit, namely ; Bounce, truly, even, behold, but, 
wherefore, moreover, &c; pitobhce, certainly, so- 
beit, by all means, but, &c. ; Fup^Son, or, even, at 
length, indeed, &c. 

OF EXCEPTION. 

Butan, buton, nemne, nynVSe, unless ; Gllep, 
else ; aelcop, otherwise, elsewhere ; Fopan, only. 

OF NEGATION. 

Na, ne, nepe, nalaep, nallep, no, noht, no, not ; 
Natephpon, by no means. — The combinations of Na 
are many, and to be learned only by experience. 

OF DESIRE. 

Gala, oh ; Gala gip, oh that. 

OF DOUBT. 

penunja, pealb, perhaps, perchance. 



39 



OF QUALITY OR KIND. 



pel, geapa, well ; Ypele, ill ; QQicclum, much ; 
Ereapa, genog or genoh, enough ; Faegepe, beautifully ; 
Unceapunga, appunga, freely, gratis ; ./Eninga, neces- 
sarily ; Gapunga, pputohce, manifestly, openly, pub- 
licly ; Deapnunga, bigelhce, secretly, by stealth : 
ftolenja, or foolunga, by no means, in vain ; Sno- 
teplice, prudently ; faeapbhce, hardly ; Gappo^hce, 
difficultly ; Rihthce, rightly ; — with many others 
formed from Adjectives. 



OF INTENTION. 



8pr3e, ^eaple, exceedingly ; pel, now ; GQa, rather : 
Bet, better ; pyppe, worse : Gallunga, eallep, alto- 
gether : To, too much : ftpa^op, rather : Lytepne, 
lytelne, a little less, nearly, about. 

OF REMISSION. 

Lytlum, pticce-maelum, vainly, diminishingly. 
Also, 8opte, paegepe, ptunb-maelum, softly, by de- 
grees : fapon, hponlice, very little ; J3paet-hugu, hpaet- 
hpega, hpaet-hpejnunga, in some measure, somewhat, 
a little while, about. 

OF ASSEMBLING. 

8amdb, aet^aebepe, together : fteap-maelum, by heaps. 

OF SIMILITUDE. 

8pa, ^up, so, thus : Dup gepab, of this kind : Spa 
ppa, so, so as : Gal-ppa, 6ac-ppilce, ppa-gehce, enbemep, 
pamob, also, similarly, equally : Spike, as if. 

OF ORDER. 

Daep-pihte, forthwith : Fop^, thenceforward, af- 
terwards : 8r3$an, hereafter : Gpt, gien, after, again : 
fapypptum, by turns : Fup^on, moreover, indeed. 



40 



OF DEMONSTRATION. 

Gpne, eaelenge, heonu, behold. 

OF INTERROGATION. 

ftpi, porihpy, pojihpon, to hpy, why, wherefore: ftu, 
humeta, how : To hpon, to hpy, wherefore. 

OF NUMBER. 

iEne, once : Tupa, twice : Dnipa, thrice. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

COPULATIVE. 

T^nb, and ; Gac, also. 

DISJUNCTIVE. 

Oft^e, or: Ne, nehpaej?eri, nane, nor, neither: 7£c, 
but : Sam, whether. 

COMPLETIVE. 

So^hce, pitobhce, but, indeed : fopaet }>a, but yet : 
8pilce, inasmuch as : 8pilce eac, moreover : Uton, 
uton nu, but, moreover, lastly. 

ADVERSATIVAL. 

De lej-, lest : Deah, 'Seah \z, though : fapae'Serie, 

whether : Deah, hpaej?epe, nevertheless : Na lej* 

ac, not only .... but ; FujvSon, although : Spike, in- 
deed ; Sc, but : M^\>ej\ ge . . . . ge, as .... so. 

CONDITIONAL. 

%, if 



41 



NFERENTIAL. 



FojvSam, pop'San, pop^i, popftan, or popfti j?e, be- 
cause, since, therefore ; Gopnopthce, pitobhce, there- 
fore; Daep, because of ; Dy, wherefore, on what account, 



DIMINUTIVAL. 



foupu, hunu 'Smga, hpaega, at least. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

The following Prepositions govern an accusative case. 

Xbutan, about, around ; iVgen, agean, against ; 
Snblang, anblong, along ; Bepopan, before ; Begeonb, 
begeonban, eonb, £eonb, beyond ; Butan, buton, 
without, beside ; Betpeox, betpux, betpyx, betpih, be- 
tween, betwixt, among ; Gmb, ymb, embutan ymbutan, 
about; Fop, for, on account of; Lremang, among; 
Innan, in, into ; Opep, over ; On, to, into ; Ongean, 
against; O^, to, until ; Teh, against; Duph, through, 
by ; Togeanep, against ; Uppan, up, upon ; Unbep, 
under; Utan, without; prS, with, against, through, 
towards; J?rSpopan, before; prSaeptan, after j Pi^je- 
onban, about ; prSutan, without. 



The following Prepositions govern a dative or 
ablative case. 

^Eptep, after, according to ; ^Ep, ere, before ; 
iEt, at, under, for ; ^Etpopan, before ; Tfrnang, 
among ; Be-aeptan, baeptan, behind, after ; Be, bi, 
big, by, of, after, near to ; Bepopan. before ; Behe- 
onan, on this side ; Betpeonan, betpih, betpinan, be- 
tpux, betpeox, betpyx, between, with, among ; 



42 

Binnan, binnon, within; Bupan, bupon, above; 
Butan, buton, without, beside ; Fop, for, on account 
of, against, before ; Fpa, ppam, from, by ; Erehenb, 
near ; Iremanj, among ; Innan, in, within ; Into, into ; 
CDib, with, at ; Neah, near; Op, of, from; Opeji, 
over ; On, in ; Oft, to,until ; On-upn, on-uppan, 
upon ; Til, to, till, to, until ; Topopan, before ; 
Togeanep, against ; Tomibbep, among ; Topeapb, 
toward ; Up, uppan, uppe, up, upon , Unbep, under, 
beneath ; Unpeop, near ; Utan, uton, without, out 
of; J?r$, with, against, near, about, behind. 



The preceding Prepositions are used in the con- 
struction as well as the composition of the language. 
There are some others which are called inseparable, 
because they only occur in construction, and are 
never found disjoined : of this sort are, 

7£nb, which has the same sort of power as the English 

particles as, at, re, &c. Thus in Snb-bibian, to 

aspire ; Ttnb-pengan, to assume ; Snb-hpaej?epe, 

but; Snb-hcnyjye, likeness; Snb-paeccan, to 

refer ; 2£nb-ptanban, to resist. 
Gb, which has the power of the English re, as 6b' 

cenning, regeneration ; Gb-cucian, to revive ; 

Gb-nipian, to renew. 
Gpen, which answers to the English co, com, con, 

as Gpen-ealb, coeval ; Gpen-laecan, to compare ; 

Gpen-^Spaepe, concord. 
Gpt, which answers to the English re, retro, as 

Gptagypan, to regive ; Gpt-anipan, to renew. 
6m, which expresses equality, as Gm-peala, as many 

times ; Gm-long, equally long. 
Fop, which signifies by, for, from, with, against, &c. 

as Fop-baepan, to forbear ; Fop-beoban, to forbid. 
Fope, signifying before; Fope-beon, to be before; 

Fope-cuman, to come before. 



43 

GQip, denoting error or Mis-take, as GQip-bopen, an 
abortion ; GQip-phcian, to displease ; OQip-bon, to 
do amiss. 

Op, privative, as Op-blaebe, without blood ; Op- 
ceapunga, without reward ; Op-maete, without 
measure, immense ; Op-tpupian, to distrust. 

0$, of, from ; as O^-hyban, to abscond ; O^-ppepian, 
to abjure ; OS-chpian, to adhere ; O^-baepptan, 
to break off. 

Un, in, not, answering the English particles in, un, 
&c. as Un-abegenbhc, inflexible ; Un-cu^, un- 
known ; Un-boht, unbought ; Un-gebpyme, dis- 
sonant. 

pi^ep, against, as ; pi^ep-pecgan, to speak against, or 
contradict ; prSep-pacan, to contend against. 



INTERJECTIONS. 

OF GRIEF. 

fa : alas ! pa la pa : well away ! Gop : hah ! 

OF JOY. 

Pel : pel la : hah hah ! well ! bravo ! 

OF ABHORRENCE. 

pala: out upon it ! On-peg : away! 

OF CALLING. 

Gala : holla ! O ! 

OF DESIRE. 

Gala gip : oh that ! pa la : would that ! 

OF EXHORTATION. 

Pel la pel : well done ! Uton : go to ! 

OF ADMIRATION. 

Gala hu : oh ! 



M 



SYNTAX. 



OF NOUNS. 



The ablative is often used absolutely, as Gebi- 
gebum cneopum, the knees being bent ; foim pop- 
laetenum, they being left. 

praise or blame of any person or thing is ren- 
dered by the genitive case, as Lrobpe gleauneppe cniht, 
a boy of good disposition ; Folc heapbep mobep, a 
people of hard heart. 

Saxon Nouns require the causal thing to be in the 
genitive, as Eiobep tubpep. *j hahgep jepaehg, happy 
because of a good and holy offspring; Gapm 4aep 
fte he na?p]?, miserable because of that which he has 
not. Sometimes the dative or accusative, as OQaejVSum 
geppaege, celebrated because of his majesty. 

Nouns partitive, or used partitively, numerals, 
and the interrogative fopa, require a genitive, as 8ume 
^apa bocepa, certain or some of the scribes ; fapaet 
ypelep, what evil. 

Nouns signifying a part of time are put in the 
genitive case, as Baep bagep, on that day ; Nihtep, 
by night ; Daegep "j nihtep, by day and by night. 
When they signify duration, they are put in the ac- 
cusative or ablative case, as Djiy bagap, for three days ; 
Dpim bagum, for three days. 

A Noun singular of multitude is often joined to a 
Verb or Adjective plural, as OQycelnep heoponhcep 
pepeber 1 L7ob hepigenbpa 'J ^up cpe^enbpa, a mul- 
titude of the heavenly host praising God and saying ; 
Daet pole psep geanbibigenbe *j punbpobon, the people 
were waiting and wondered. 

In the following examples a dative is used instead 
of a genitive, as Up to paebep, to us for a father, or 
for our father ; ftim to pultume, to him for an aid, or 
for his assistance. 



45 

The measure, weight, &c. of a thing, is expressed 
in the genitive or accusative case, as Yncep lang, an 
inch long, Gahta hunb mila lanj, *] tuhunb mila bpab, 
eight hundred miles long, and two hundred miles 
broad. Comparatives however require an ablative 
to denote the measure of excess, as Dpym munbum 
hieppa, (By) three palms higher. 

A neuter Adjective, used absolutely, requires a 
genitive case, as Gal pincep, some (something of) 
treasure ; ftepigep micel, a great (much of an) army. 

Adjectives signifying desire, knowledge, or igno- 
rance, require a genitive, as peop^myn^a geopn, 
desirous of honors ; boca gleap, skilled in books ; 
Unpip gobcunban namau *j geleapan, ignorant of the 
divine faith and name. 

Adjectives signifying plenty, want, likeness, dig- 
nity, guilt, and the Substantive pana, want, have 
sometimes a genitive and sometimes an ablative, as 
Fulle beabpa bana, full of dead bones ; Full hargum 
Irapte, full of the Holy Ghost ; Fela o^pe hahgpa 
bipcopa, many (of) other holy bishops ; Sumep $ingep 
pana, want of something ; Nanep pana, want of no- 
thing ; Erehca minep ^eopep, like my servant ; Baep 
dean pyp^e, worthy of the same ; Dome pcylbig, 
guilty by judgment. 

Words compounded of epen or epn, and emn, 
also Nouns ending in pull and lice, and tRe Noun 
J?eapp, need, govern a dative case, as Gpen-laecan J?am 
apoptolum, to imitate the apostles ; pupftpull ]?am 
ciningum, to be honored by kings ; Unapecgenbhc 
aenrgum, not to be told to any one. 

Comparatives followed by than, are expressed by 
$e, ^onne, as gelicpan ^e, more like than ; pelpan 
^onne, better than ; or by a genitive, as hyp mapa, 
greater than that ; or by an ablative, as Qftape eallum 
onpaejbnyppum, more than many sacrifices. 

Superlatives require a genitive, as Galpa pypta 
maept, the greatest of all herbs. 



4(i 



VERBS. 



The Verb Substantive requires a genitive case, as 
6ant $u upep gepepep, art thou of our company ; 
Da fting 8c pynb Gobep, the things which are God's ; 
foe paep appyp^pe ylbo, he was of a venerable age. 

Verbs of trying, following, desiring, listening, 
enjoying, visiting, wanting, expecting, remembering, 
ceasing, admit a genitive case. Ghtan, to follow, 
has usually an accusative, and Bpucan, to enjoy, an 
ablative ; as also pealban, to govern ; ^ohan, to free ; 
helpan, to help ; bibban, to ask ; onbypgan, to taste ; 
gemiltpian, to pity ; trSian, unnan, to retire ; aeth- 
pinan, to touch ; cepan, to keep ; aetpacan, to deny. 
When however the sense is not elliptical, the last 
named Verbs have a dative or accusative. 

Many others require a genitive case, as onpengan 
and onpon, to receive ; onbpaeban, to fear ; opletan, 
to emit ; eapnan, to deserve ; begyman, to take care 
of; gelypan, to believe ; popgitan, to forget. Of 
these however, onpenjan, onbpaeban, also admit an 
accusative. 

The causal Noun is put after Verbs in the genitive 
case, as Dancobe Eiobe ealpa J?apa mritpa, he gave 
thanks to God (on account of) all mercies ; J?e 
paegniaj? pmyltpe pae. 'j eac punbpiaj? j?aep phtep J?aepe 
punnan, we rejoice (on account of) the serene sea, 
and admire the splendor of the sun. But in these 
examples, the ellipsis, of, on account of, is manifest. 
Verbs of accusing and depriving require a genitive 
of the thing, as Bepeapian bohtpa, beapna, to bereave 
of daughters, children ; sometimes a dative or ab- 
lative, as Daet he up aet upum appon bepeapige, that 
he may deprive us of our asses. 

The Verb Fylgan, to follow, has a dative, as Ne 
pylrgeaft hig uncujmm, they will not follow a 
stranger. 



47 

The Infinitive has an accusative before it, as He 
jej-eo^ me habban, you see me to (or that I) have. 

Verbs of asking and teaching require an accusative 
of the thing as well as of the person, as foine axobon f 
bigj-pel, they asked him that parable. Except how- 
ever Bibban, which requires a genitive of the thing, 
and an accusative of the person, as ftine bit hlajzer, 
he asked him for bread. 

Verbs compounded of Prepositions often require 
the cases which the Prepositions themselves govern, 
as yEt-peolan, to stand upon ; at-ypan, to appear ; 
o^-jzaejTan, to deliver into custody ; o^-jzanan, to 
approach. 

Sometimes Verbs are as it were put by apposition 
in the same tense, number, and person, as 8tanbaJ? 
hep ute. pyllaj? $e gej-eon, they stand here without, 
they wish to see thee : but in this mode of speaking, 
the conjunction anb seems understood. 

The Anglo-Saxons used the reciprocal Verb, 
as Ic me gepej*t, I rest, or rest me ; Onbpaeb fte 
^inne Irob, fear thee thy God. 

Impersonals are sometimes used with an accu- 
sative of the person and a dative of the thing, as 
Done pelegan lyj-t anpealber 1 , a rich man desires 
power. Some have a dative of the person and geni- 
tive of the thing, as ftim J^aej- ne j-ceamobe, they were 
not ashamed of this, or to them of this there was no 
shame. The impersonal ErebypaJ?, signifying care, 
has a double dative, as Dim ne gebypa]? to $am 
j-ceapum, with him there was no care for the sheep. 



48 



THE LORD'S PRAYER, IN ANGLO-SAXON, 

WITH A LITERAL TRANSLATION. 

Faebep upe ]?u j?e eapt on heopenum ; 
Father our, thou that art in heaven, 

81 1pm nama gehalgob. to be cume 

be thy name hallowed. Moreover let come 
1pm pice. gepup^Se 1pm pilla on 

thy dominion, be done (worked) thy will on 
eopJ?an ppa ppa on heopenum. upne 

earth so as in heaven, our 

ge baeghpamhcan hlap pyle up to 

daily loaf sell (give) us to 

baeg. anb fopZYF u f u P e 3^ ta r TP a 

day, and forgive us our debts so 

ppa pe popgipa^ upum gyltenbum *j 

as we forgive our debtors, and 

ne gelaebbe ]?u up on coptnunje. ac 

(do) not lead thou us into temptation, but 

alyp up op yple. 

free us of evil. 



49 



PART OF THE FIRST CHAPTER OF THE 
GOSPEL BY ST. JOHN. 



1 On pnuman paej* ponb *j f popib 
In the beginning was the word and that word 

paey mib Irobe. 3 Erob peer 1 f ponb. 
was with God, and God was that word. 

2 Daet paej- on pnuman mib Erobe. 

It was in the beginning with God. 

3 Galle Jnng paenon geponhte ]?unh hyne. *j nan 

All things were made by it, and no 

Jnng paej- geponht butan hym. 
thing was made without it. 

4 Daet paej- lip \& on him geponht paej\ *j 
That was life which in it made was, and 

f Iijz paey manna leoht. 
the life was menV light. 



50 

5 *j f leoht lyht on J?yjtnum. 3 
And the light shineth in darkness, and 

)>jytpo f ne genamon. 
the darknesses it (do) not comprehend. 

6 COann paej* ppam Erob aj-enb. ]?aej- nama paej- 
A Man was from God sent, whose name was 

Iohannej\ 
John. 

7 Dejr com to gepitnejye. f he gepitnejye 
He came for a testimony that he testimony 

(or witness) 2 

cyftbe be J?am leohte. f ealle 

might tell concerning the light, that all 
I 

men Jmnh hyne gelyjzbon. 
men through him might believe. 

8 Naej- he leoht. ac J?aet he gepitnejye 

He was not that light, but that he testimony 

3 ~ 

pojvo 1 baene be J?am leohte ; 

forth (might) bear concerning the light. 
2 I 

9 Soft leoht paej\ f onlyht aelcne 
(The) true light (it) was which enlighteneth every 



51 

cumenbne man on jnpne mibban eanb. 
coming man to this middle earth (world.) 

10 fte paer* on mibban eapbe. "J mibban eapb paep 
He was in the world, and the world was 

gepopht }>unh hyne. *j mibban eanb hyne 
made by him, and the Avorld him 

ne gecneop ; 
not knew. 



3 1 

1 1 To hip agenum he com. *j hig hyne ne 
To his own he came, and they him not 

2 ~~3 I 2 3~ 

unbenjzengon ; 
received. 

12 So^hce ppa hpylce ppa hyne unbeppengon. 
Truly as many as him received, 

~~2 TT 



he pealbe him anpealb f hi paenon Erobep 
he gave to them power that they were God's 

beapn pam J>e gelypi^ on hyp naman. 
children to them that believed in his name. 



13 Da ne pynt acennebe op blobum. ne op 
Which not are born of blood, nor of 



52 

jzlaej-cej- pillan. ne op yejxey pillan. ac hig 
fleshes will, nor of man's will, but they 

rynt op Erobe acennebe. 
are of God born. 

14 Anb f popb paej* j-laepc gepopben y eapbobe 
And the word was flesh made and dwelt 

2 I 

on up ^ pe gepapon hyp pulbop ppylce 
among us, and we saw its glory such as 

ancennebep pulbon. op pgebep. 

of the only begotten's glory, of the father, 

f paep pul mib gype. y po^paeptneppe. 
which was full of grace and truth. 

\5 Iohannep cy^ gepitneppe be hym anb clypa^S J? up 
John speaketh testimony of him and cryeth thus 

cpej?enbe. j?ejr paep J?e ic paebe. 8e ]?e 

saying, this was he I mentioned, He that 

to cumenne lp aeptep me. paep gepopben be- 
to come is after me, was honored be- 

2 T~ 

popan me. pdpj?am he paep aep )?onne ic ; 
fore me, because he was sooner than me. 



53 



16 Anb op hyp gepyllebneppe pe ealle onpengon 
And of his fulness we all receive 



5 ype pop 5 ype. 
grace for grace. 

Yjf Foppam pe ae paep gepealb Jmph OQoypen. y 
For the law was given by Moses, and 

gypu 3 poftpaeptnep lp gepopben ]?uph 
grace and truth is wrought through 

ftaelenb Cpipt. 

the Healer (Saviour) Christ. 

18 Ne gepeah nasppe nan man Gob butan pe 
Neither saw never no man God except his 

ever any 

ancenneba punu hyt cy^be pe lp on 
only begotten son he hath told (it) who is in 

hip paebep beapme. 
his father's bosom. 

19 "j P 3 ^ l y Iohannep gepitnep ; 
And this is John's witnessing ; 

20 Da j?a Iubeap penbon hypa pacepbap, anb hypa 
When the Jews sent their priests and their 



21 



54 

Diaconaj- pnam Ienuj-alem to him f hi 
Deacons from Jerusalem to him then they 

axobun hyne y )>uy cpaebon ; fapaet 
asked him and thus spoke; What 

eant Jm. 
art thou. 

*j he cy^be *J ne pi^j-oc 3 \\xy 

And he told (them) and not denied and thus 

2 I 

cpae$. Ne eom ic na Cnij-t ; 
spoke, Neither am I . . . Christ ; 



22 Anb hig axobon hyne *J J?uj- cpaebon. eant 
And they questioned him and thus spoke, art 

Jm fteliaj-. ^ he cpa^S. ne eom ic hyt ; 
thou Elias, and he said, nor am I he. 

Da cpaebon hi. eant J?u pitega. ^ he 
Then they said, art thou a prophet, and he 

anj*pynbe anb cpae$. nic. 
answered and said, no. 

23 foig cpaebon to hym. hpaet eant J?u f pe 
They said to him, what art thou that we 



55 

anbpypbe bpingon }?am j?e ur to $e 

an answer may bring to those that us to thee 
2 I "2 3" 

j*enbon. hpaet pegpt ]>u be J»e pylpum. 
sent, what sayest thou of thyself.. 

24 fre cpaeS. ic eom clypienbej* ptepn on 
He said, I am of one crying the voice in 

2 I 

pejtene ; Gepihta^ Dpitnep peg. 

the desert; Make straight the Lord's way, 

ppa pe pitega Ipaiap cparS. 
so the prophet Isaiah said. 

9,5 Anb J?a $e }?aep apenbe psepon. J>a paepon op 

And they that there sent were, were of 

"~~3 2 I 

punbophalgan. 

the asunder-holy ones, (Pharisees.) 

26 3 hig axobon hyne *j cpaebon to hym. 
And they questioned him and said to him, 

hpi pullapt )?u. gyp Jm ne eapt Cpipt 
why baptizest thou, if thou neither art Christ 

ne foeliap. ne pitega. 
nor Elias, nor a prophet. 



56 

27 Iohannejr him anbppapobe. ic jzulhge on paetepe. 
John them answered, I baptize in water, 

to mibbej- eop jrtob j?e ge 

in the midst of you hath stood one whom ye 

ne cunnon. 
not knew. 



2 1 

28 foe ly J?e aejztep me topeapb ly ; 8e paep 
He (it) is that after me to come is. he was 

~ 3 T~ 2 T~ 

gepopben bejzopan me. ne eom ic pyjvSe f 
made before me, nor am I worthy that 

ic unbinbe hij- j-ceo ]?pang. 
I unbind his shoe thong. 

29 Da^ jnnj paepon gepopbene on Bethania be- 
These things were done in Bethany be- 

geonban Iopbanen J?aep Iohannep pillobe. 
yond Jordan where John baptized. 



THE END. 



ERRATUM. 
Page 15, line 1, for which read which. 



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